[Ed: This is an interesting review by Dr. Gift of an interesting interview with a usually anti-gun professor, who seems to be taking a somewhat different and more rational perspective on causes of crime, though he is still somewhat pat and ambiguous.]
A recent issue of the University of Chicago Magazine includes an interview with Jens Ludvig, author of Unforgiving Places: The Unexpected Origins of American Gun Violence.
While he seems too tied to the term “gun violence”, he feels that any change in gun ownership rules will come slowly, and thus a more general examination of ways to reduce violent behavior may prove valuable.
A professor at the University of Chicago and the creator of that institution’s Crime Lab, he focuses on the Chicago scene. In particular, he looks at violence involving street gangs and observes that murders in and by these groups less often involve motives that are rational or economic, such as controlling turf for drug sales, but rather have more to do with emotion and interpersonal conflict. He gives as an example a member of Gang A who is in a train station and steps on the shoe of a Gang B counterpart. Words are exchanged, and there’s a shooting.
Beliefs that violent crime is caused by bad people looking to gain through criminal activity or that people commit violent crimes due to economic distress don’t fit the data, he states; they assume a rational weighing of possible benefit and loss, while accounts of actual shootings show something very different. Ludvig notes that the finding that violent crimes generally follow from emotion stems from the 1960s, but this realization has been easily and frequently forgotten.
Unfortunately the focus of the interview on street gangs limits more general conclusions. And while he is concerned with interpersonal motives, it is hard to forget that gang life centers around economic activity, especially drug dealing.
He brings up a book titled Thinking: Fast and Slow, which explains that our minds work in two different ways, of which we are aware of only one – the slow and rational. Unfortunately, people find this way of thinking to be taxing. The other is fast, effortless and out of our awareness. Fast is often useful and accurate, but sometimes applied in the wrong situation. Errors are painful in situations where the consequences of a mistake are very high. Ludvig recounts visiting the a Chicago juvenile detention center and hearing a staff member say that 80% of the kids wouldn’t be there if you could give them back 10 minutes of their lives. Because the motivation for violent crimes can be so surprisingly fleeting, it follows that “violence interrupted isn’t just violence delayed, it’s violence prevented.”
In this context Ludvig talks about “eyes upon the street” as a deterrent to violence, and about bystanders often interrupting a process otherwise likely to lead to violence. He holds that having more police on the street is useful not because they can arrest more bad actors, but rather that potential bad acts are prevented because the actors realize that they’re under the gaze of the police. In taking this position he may be minimizing the benefit of prosecuting and confining criminals. Also, he may be overlooking a relationship between police on the street and broken window policing – the two tend to go together. There is a consensus good evidence that broken window policing ((Seems to be a good deal of controversy, some political, no doubt, and I can’t find anything that would suggest a consensus}}} reduces crime overall.
On an optimistic note, Ludvig reports that there are programs that give kids opportunities to be in simulated situations where they can learn, through trial and error, more about how their minds work and more about how to avoid common decision-making pitfalls. Of course, these settings don’t and shouldn’t have the high stakes of real life, and the evidence suggests that these programs can really help.
He goes on to describe an effective initiative run at a local juvenile detention center that involved staff and was very low cost. He states, “The kids would go to school in the morning and in the afternoon they would sit around watching TV while a guard stood against the wall, watching the kids watch TV.
So the juvenile detention center trained the guards to deliver one of these decision-making programs to the kids. It was practically free. The cost were mimeograph the booklets, and a week of training for the guards. When we studied the effects, we saw a 20% reduction in recidivism by these kids who are at really high risk for violence involvement. That is a free win.” Unfortunately, the interview with Ludwig contains no additional information regarding the operation of this or any similar program, and he doesn’t say how the 20% was calculated. I would be very interested to know the contents of the booklet and how a security guard was trained to produce such a marked reduction in recidivism.
Ludvig’s thinking is reductionistic in trying to break crime into categorizes. He theorizes, “Car theft and burglaries are driven by economic considerations. Murder is driven by heat of the moment arguments.” Of course, teenagers may steal cars (and even murder) to impress their friends. When people murder their spouses for the insurance money the motive appears to be primarily economic, but discontent, frustration and anger must have been present. Likewise, enmity may have been lurking over time even when a murder occurs in the course of a hot interchange.
It is unfortunate that there’s no mention of legal versus illegal guns. Certainly guns used by street gangs are rarely purchased and possessed legally, given the ages of gang members and the likelihood of their having legal entanglements that would make them ineligible to buy or possess a gun. The possession of guns by gang members fits with statistics pointing to the relatively high rates of homicide among urban youth. Evidence reveals the high rates at which illegal guns are used in crimes in comparison to guns legally purchased and possessed.
The take home message seems to be that violence stems from all-too-human feelings and actions. But his focus on means like firearms is misplaced because guns used in crime are generally obtained and possessed illegally.
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—Thomas E. Gift, MD is a child and adolescent psychiatrist practicing in Rochester, New York, an associate clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Rochester Medical School, and a Distinguished Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association.